UV-B辐射对大豆和黄瓜幼苗某些生理特性的影响

在植物生长室中,ＵＶ－ Ｂ辐射明显降低黄瓜幼苗的根系活力,抑制程度随辐射时间的延长而增强．黄瓜和大豆幼苗的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量减少与ＵＶＢ辐射时间长短呈正相关,但是类胡萝卜素减少幅度不大．ＵＶＢ对Ｃｈｌｂ 的破坏较Ｃｈｌａ 严重,导致Ｃｈｌａｂ 比值增大．ＵＶＢ虽增加大豆幼苗的ＳＯＤ活性,但降低大豆幼苗的ＮＲ活性及其对温度变化的敏感性．分析认为,Ｃｈｌａｂ 比值和ＳＯＤ 活性升高,有助于植物对ＵＶＢ的适应     

Biofuel Plantations on Forested Lands: Double Jeopardy for Biodiversity and Climate

Abstract: The growing demand for biofuels is promoting the expansion of a number of agricultural commodities, including oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Oil‐palm plantations cover over 13 million ha, primarily in Southeast Asia, where they have directly or indirectly replaced tropical rainforest. We explored the impact of the spread of oil‐palm plantations on greenhouse gas emission and biodiversity. We assessed changes in carbon stocks with changing land use and compared this with the amount of fossil‐fuel carbon emission avoided through its replacement by biofuel carbon. We estimated it would take between 75 and 93 years for the carbon emissions saved through use of biofuel to compensate for the carbon lost through forest conversion, depending on how the forest was cleared. If the original habitat was peatland, carbon balance would take more than 600 years. Conversely, planting oil palms on degraded grassland would lead to a net removal of carbon within 10 years. These estimates have associated uncertainty, but their magnitude and relative proportions seem credible. We carried out a meta‐analysis of published faunal studies that compared forest with oil palm. We found that plantations supported species‐poor communities containing few forest species. Because no published data on flora were available, we present results from our sampling of plants in oil palm and forest plots in Indonesia. Although the species richness of pteridophytes was higher in plantations, they held few forest species. Trees, lianas, epiphytic orchids, and indigenous palms were wholly absent from oil‐palm plantations. The majority of individual plants and animals in oil‐palm plantations belonged to a small number of generalist species of low conservation concern. As countries strive to meet obligations to reduce carbon emissions under one international agreement (Kyoto Protocol), they may not only fail to meet their obligations under another (Convention on Biological Diversity) but may actually hasten global climate change. Reducing deforestation is likely to represent a more effective climate‐change mitigation strategy than converting forest for biofuel production, and it may help nations meet their international commitments to reduce biodiversity loss.     

Detecting Extinction Risk from Climate Change by IUCN Red List Criteria

Anthropogenic climate change is a key threat to global biodiversity. To inform strategic actions aimed at conserving biodiversity as climate changes, conservation planners need early warning of the risks faced by different species. The IUCN Red List criteria for threatened species are widely acknowledged as useful risk assessment tools for informing conservation under constraints imposed by limited data. However, doubts have been expressed about the ability of the criteria to detect risks imposed by potentially slow‐acting threats such as climate change, particularly because criteria addressing rates of population decline are assessed over time scales as short as 10 years. We used spatially explicit stochastic population models and dynamic species distribution models projected to future climates to determine how long before extinction a species would become eligible for listing as threatened based on the IUCN Red List criteria. We focused on a short‐lived frog species (Assa darlingtoni) chosen specifically to represent potential weaknesses in the criteria to allow detailed consideration of the analytical issues and to develop an approach for wider application. The criteria were more sensitive to climate change than previously anticipated; lead times between initial listing in a threatened category and predicted extinction varied from 40 to 80 years, depending on data availability. We attributed this sensitivity primarily to the ensemble properties of the criteria that assess contrasting symptoms of extinction risk. Nevertheless, we recommend the robustness of the criteria warrants further investigation across species with contrasting life histories and patterns of decline. The adequacy of these lead times for early warning depends on practicalities of environmental policy and management, bureaucratic or political inertia, and the anticipated species response times to management actions. Detección del Riesgo de Extinción a partir del Cambio Climático por medio del Criterio de la Lista Roja de la UICNKeith et al.     

Effects of Recent Environmental Change on Accuracy of Inferences of Extinction Status

Correctly classifying a species as extinct or extant is of critical importance if current rates of biodiversity loss are to be accurately quantified. Observing an extinction event is rare, so in many cases extinction status is inferred using methods based on the analysis of records of historic sighting events. The accuracy of such methods is difficult to test. However, results of recent experiments with microcosm communities suggest that the rate at which a population declines to extinction, potentially driven by varying environmental conditions, may alter one's ability accurately to infer extinction status. We tested how the rate of population decline, driven by historic environmental change, alters the accuracy of 6 commonly applied sighting‐based methods used to infer extinction. We used data from small‐scale experimental communities and recorded wild population extirpations. We assessed how accuracy of the different methods was affected by rate of population decline, search effort, and number of sighting events recorded. Rate of population decline and historic population size of the species affected the accuracy of inferred extinction dates; however, faster declines produced more accurate inferred dates of extinction, but only when population sizes were higher. Optimal linear estimation (OLE) offered the most reliable and robust estimates, though no single method performed best in all situations, and it may be appropriate to use a different method if information regarding historic search efforts is available. OLE provided the most accurate estimates of extinction when the number of sighting events used was >10, and future use of this method should take this into account. Data from experimental populations provide added insight into testing techniques to discern wild extirpation events. Care should be taken designing such experiments so that they mirror closely the abundance dynamics of populations affected by real‐world extirpation events. Efectos del Cambio Ambiental Reciente sobre la Precisión de las Inferencias sobre el Estado de Extinción     

γ-Al2O3催化臭氧氧化水中嗅味物质机理探讨

以γ-Al₂O₃粉末为催化剂,研究催化臭氧氧化去除水体中典型嗅味物质2-甲基异茨醇（MIB）的效能与机理.结果表明,γ-Al₂O₃能够明显促进臭氧氧化去除MIB,表现出很好的催化活性,叔丁醇对γ-Al₂O₃催化氧化去除MIB过程具有明显的抑制作用.在催化臭氧氧化去除MIB过程中,γ-Al₂O₃表面电荷状态及表面羟基的带电性质与溶液的pH值有关.当溶液pH值与γ-Al₂O₃ 的pH_zpc接近时,γ-Al₂O₃的催化作用最为明显.γ-Al₂O₃催化臭氧氧化过程中自由基的相对量值R_ct比单独臭氧氧化过程高出近1个数量级,这进一步表明γ-Al₂O₃能明显促进臭氧分解产生更多的羟基自由基.最后还考察了不同摩尔比例的臭氧分解促进剂与抑制剂对γ-Al₂O₃催化臭氧分解的影响.     

谈绿色住区环境设计

未来的住区环境是绿色的,人类的取向与选择是生态的,绿色住区环境设计会使人类 拥有更加美好与广阔的绿色空间。     

Land-Use Change and Carbon Flux Between 1970s and 1990s in Central Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

6 tons C were released to the atmosphere during the period of time covered by our study, equal to approximately 34% of the 1975 vegetation C pool. The Chiapas highlands, while comprising just 0.3% of Mexico's surface area, contributed 3% of the net national C emissions.     

北京市景观水体嗅味污染特征

以北京市9处典型景观湖泊水体为研究对象,对其嗅味污染特征进行深入分析,并结合相关水质指标对水体嗅味污染特征进行初步解析. 研究发现,北京市景观水体中主要的嗅味污染物为土臭素(geosmin),2-甲基异莰醇(2-methylisoborneol,2-MIB)以及β-紫罗兰酮(β-ionone),其质量浓度平均值分别达613.84,1 319.57和143.00 ng/L. 通过对水质参数进行深入分析发现,北京市主要景观水体富营养化问题严重,TP是北京市景观水体的限制性水质因素,且有机物污染程度较高〔ρ(DOC)≥5.17 mg/L〕. 在研究的景观水体中,玉渊潭、福海和北海嗅味污染较为突出,前海和西海嗅味污染较轻. 北京市主要景观水体中嗅味污染与水中ρ(TP),ρ(DOP)和ρ(DOC)表现出显著相关,说明水体中存在的大量DOP和有机污染物是水体富营养化和嗅味污染的主要原因.      

Effects of regulated deficit irrigation applied at different growth stages of greenhouse grown tomato on substrate moisture,yield, fruit quality,and physiological traits

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Given a critical water scarcity in arid and semi-arid Tunisian areas and aiming to reduce irrigation water request, it is crucial to identify and...     

污泥臭氧原位减量工艺中抗生素的去除

建立了两套小试规模的序批式反应器,一套作为污泥臭氧原位减量系统,另一套作为控制系统.通过两系统的长期运行（90 d）考察了污泥臭氧原位减量工艺对9种典型抗生素（四环素、土霉素、强力霉素、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、洛美沙星、恩诺沙星和阿奇霉素）的去除效果.结果表明,进水中目标抗生素的存在（9种抗生素各100 μg·L^-1）并未对活性污泥去除COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷的效果产生显著影响.污泥臭氧原位减量系统出水中目标抗生素浓度在运行期间保持相对稳定,且与控制系统接近;但污泥中目标抗生素浓度则显著低于控制系统.质量衡算表明目标抗生素在两系统内的输入和输出逐渐达到平衡,臭氧降解和剩余污泥排放分别为减量和控制系统中目标抗生素的主要去除途径.污泥臭氧处理单元可以降解减量系统入水中83%的目标抗生素,而控制系统入水中82%的目标抗生素则随剩余污泥排放.因此,污泥臭氧原位减量工艺可以明显削减活性污泥系统中抗生素的排放,具有重要的实际意义.